Rebuilding Brand Equity of Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rebuilding Brand Equity of Nokia - Essay Example 1). Nokia has been in the mobile market for around thirty years (Kolk & Rungi, 2013, p. 5). Nokia, a 147 years old Finnish company, became the pioneer of public mobile communications technology in the late 1990s when it pushed mobile phone usage onto the global scale (Lindholm & Keinonen, 2003). It was by far the largest mobile phone manufacturer in the early 2000s and produced most of the working class people’s very first mobile phones. In the underdeveloped world, as per D. Steinbock’s claim, the word ‘Nokia’ became synonymous with the word ‘mobile’ (Steinbock, 2001, p. 33). The company Nokia was one of the biggest beneficiaries of the so called ‘dotcom bubble’ (Panko 2008) but unlike the other manufacturing industries, mobile phone manufacturing has seen new market leaders emerge soon after the inception of the business. The apparent reason for this unseating of Nokia from the mobile manufacturing throne seems to be a progressio n of mobile handset technology – specifically from the standard or dumb phones era to the age of smart phones. Useless to say, the previous statement implies that Nokia has not been successful in commanding this shift. With the basic division of the handset technology between the old technology and the smart phone technology, Nokia has remained master of only the old technology. Smart phone sales surpassed the dumb phone sales in the second quarter of 2013, with smart phones accounting for fifty two percent of the mobile phone sales in that period (Shaer, 2013, p. 14). Decline Nokia occupied thirty five percent of the global mobiles business in 2003 (Bosch, 2005, p. 28); ten years later this figure had dropped to fourteen percent (Olson, 2013, p. 6). In October of last year, the company dropped out of the list of the five largest mobile phone vendors for the first time since the financial analyst IDC started maintaining the list (in 2004) (â€Å"Apple Cedes Market Share in S martphone Operating System Market as Android Surges and Windows Phone Gains, According to IDC†, 2013). The Korean consumer electronics corporation Samsung now leads the mobile manufacturing business, while Nokia has already given way (in 2010) in the smart phone platform race as well to Google (which boasts the Android Operating System for smart phones). Resultantly, Nokia has shrunk as an organization overall; it has fewer resources at its disposal and has become less profitable than how much it used to be. The cash reserves of Nokia fell from â‚ ¬4.2 billion at the end of the second quarter of 2012 to â‚ ¬3.6 billion at the end of the very next quarter (Scott, 2013, p. 2). Ever since the company appointed a new, and the first non-Finnish, CEO (Stephen Elop) in 2010, the company has been practising salary base reduction as one of its primary tactics for dealing with the continuous financial loss. The company currently employs only 44,630 people out of the 66,995 working at Nokia at the start of the previous year (â€Å"Nokia Lumia 525: Windows Phone Handset Put Up For Sale At $100 Price Tag In China†, 2014, p. 4). Revival Efforts Susan Sheesha, the head of Global Communications at Nokia, has been promulgating Nokia’s repositioning of itself as a ‘challenger’ brand (Schechner, 2013). She says that after letting go of the ‘market leader’ narrative, the company’

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Essay

Transformational and Transactional Leadership - Essay Example In other words a contingency model is a near approximation of an otherwise intractable continuum which lacks definable contours and a logical conceptual framework of reference. (Antonakis, Cianciolo and Sternberg, 2004).While theoretical constructs underlying the two leadership styles have been presented as a comparative analysis there is very little attention being focused on the qualitative paradigm shift caused by the a priori and a posteriori catalytic changes. Thus the comparative/contrast study is essentially based on these outcomes and the latest calibrations and/or benchmarks enunciated by researchers to establish a conceptual framework for analysis. According to Burns (1978) and Bass (1985) transformational leadership has a set of category constructs such as values, morals, farsightedness, long term goals, principles, acute awareness about the dividing line between causes and symptoms, mission statements, strategic perspectives and human resources. Similarly they identify a set of category constructs in the transactional leadership also. ... Analysis Business organizations operate in their respective environments as determined by organizational structure, culture, leadership, strategic competitive environment and a host of other internal and external influences such as the regulatory framework, PESTEL and SWOT environments. (Gill, 2006). Given the degree of influence under these circumstances, each organization adopts its own leadership style with a view to achieving these organizational goals such as profits, market share growth, higher share prices, quality improvements, brand loyalty, sustainability, benchmarks and so on. These organizational goals can be divided into short term goals and long term goals.Transformational leadership is primarily and immediately concerned with winning the support of those subordinates to achieve predefined organizational goals. (Jones, 2003) While many such objectives are not realized in the short run due to a variety of reasons such as inadequate planning and wrong forecasts about cash flow, s ales revenue and profits, there can be some recovery in the long term. Transformational leader seeks with fervent hope to inculcate a sense of responsibility and pride in achievements among the subordinates while on the other hand transactional leader seeks to inculcate a sense of reciprocity among his subordinates based on realizing mutually beneficial goals such as productivity, performance and target outputs. In return the transaction leader rewards the subordinate with pay, recognition and praise. A critical theoretical perspective that has been developed on this particular aspect looks at the transformational leader's attitude towards hisher subordinates as power-sharing partners whose contribution to the productive process is rewarded with

Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) Case Study

Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) Case Study ABSTRACT: Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is an intraosseous lesion which occurs as an uncommon benign condition in jaws. WHO defines this intraosseous lesions as â€Å"a lesion that contains multiple foci of haemorrhage, consisting of cellular fibrous tissue and there is trabeculae of woven bone. It may become aggressive leading to expansion and perforation of the cortex. Mobility and displacement of the involved teeth and root resorption are often observed. Here is a case report of an 18 year old female patient who is diagnosed with an aggressive type of CGCG. KEYWORDS: Central giant cell granuloma, granuloma, giant cell granuloma, giant cell lesions. Introduction Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giants cells that almost exclusively occurs within the jaw. It commonly occurs in young adults showing a female predilection.1 CGCG rarely occurs in areas elsewhere other than the jaws, like maxillary sinus, temporal bone, cranial vault and other bones of the craniofacial complex.2 It was thought that CGCG is a reparative lesion as it develops in response to intrabony hemorrhage and inflammation secondary to trauma. However, it can be considered as an aggressive lesion because of its aggressive behaviour as seen in the present case. Case report A 18 year old female patient, presented with a painful swelling over the lower border of mandible of 3 months duration. The patient had a history of trauma 6 months back with fractured 31. On extra oral examination, gross asymmetry of face was seen with a diffuse swelling of approximately 34 cm size on chin. Lymph nodes were not palpable. Local examination revealed a diffuse swelling extending mentolabial sulcus, inferiorly below the lower border of mandible and antero-posteriorly extending from the midline to the level of corner of mouth both side extending 1.5cm size. Colour over the surface appeared normal; no ulceration or discharge from the swelling was seen. Surface of the swelling was smooth, consistency was hard. The swelling was non – fluctuant; No rise in temperature, no pulsations were felt. The swelling was tender on palpation. On intraoral examination, tenderness on palpation was evident in relation to left mandibular canine and first premolar. No lingual expansio n. Based on the history given by the patient and the clinical examination, a provisional diagnosis of traumatic bone cyst in relation to anterior lower border of mandible was given. However, radiographic examination was suggested to confirm the provisional diagnosis. Orthopantomographs demonstrated normal anatomic hard tissue structures with a diffuse radiolucency seen in the mandibular anterior region crossing the midline , measuring approximately 3 cm x 3.5 cm, extending medio-laterally from 34 to 44 and supero-inferiorly from the apex of mandibular anterior extending to 1.5 cm below the level of inferior border of mandible suggestive of expansion of inferior border of mandible with sclerotic border on superior aspect and no sclerotic border inferiorly. Based on the clinical and the radiographic examination, differential diagnosis of odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, osteosarcoma and central giant cell granuloma were considered. Histopathological evaluation of the excisional biopsy specimen showed the presence of connective stroma containing numerous young fibroblasts as well as multinucleated giant cells. Trabeculae of osteoid and woven bone were also seen in the periphery. Numerous extravasated RBCs were present within the connective tissue stoma. These findings are suggestive of CGCG, but in order to differentiate this from brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism, we carried out blood investigation, to find the serum calcium, serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels, which are found within normal limits. Based on the above histological and investigational findings, a diagnosis of CGCG was given. Discussion Central giant cell granuloma is a benign intraosseous lesion of the jaws. Jaffe in the year 1953, described this intraosseous lesion as â€Å"central giant cell reparative granuloma†.1 Since there is not reparative process, the name â€Å"reparative giant cell granuloma† was denominated. The etiology and pathogenesis of CGCG is unknown, but the granulomatous process is induced by an exacerbated reparative process due to trauma and haemorrhage.3 Giant cell granuloma is considered as a benign proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giant cells that occurs almost exclusively within the jaws. It is seen in all age groups ranging from 2 to 80 years, but more than 60% of the cases occurs under the age of 30 years.5 Although Sex distribution varies in different reviews, CGCG show female predilection with a prevalence of almost twice that of males.4 It commonly occurs in mandible ,anterior to the first molar ,often crossing the midline. It occurs in the short tubular b ones of hands and feet and also in the other bones of facial skeleton and cranial vault but rarely occurs in craniofacial bones. 6 It may be peripheral or central. The peripheral lesions occur as pedunculated or sessile lesions where the central lesion is endosteal. Females, children and young adults have more predilection since the female male ratio is 2:1.7, 8 The main etiological factor for this lesion is trauma. The lesion progresses by accumulation of tissue which due to slow and continuous haemorrhage of multicentric nature as a result of trauma and defect in the capillaries. 9 Though the CGCG is a benign lesion, it occurs as aggressive and non-aggressive types. The aggressive type shows painful and rapid growth occurs in younger patients and often involves cortical perforation and root resorption and may recur. The non-aggressive type is of slow growing, asymptomatic, without any resorption or perforation of the involved teeth and it never recurs.10 The signs of CGCG are a painless swelling, which causes facial asymmetry, where the radiological investigations reveals that there is unilocular or multilocular radiolucency, which is well or ill-defined with variable expansion along with destruction of cortical plate. Since the radiological appearance of this lesion is not pathognomonic, it is usually confused with the other lesions of the jaws. But the final diagnosis is based on its histopathology, though the clinical and radiological features are not specific.11 Histopathological features reveal that it is comprised of dense proliferation of oval or spindle shaped cells with varying number of multinucleated giant cells containing 20 nuclei. There is a deposition of hemosiderin, extravasted RBC’s, foci of osteoid material dystrophic calcification around the periphery of the lesion.12 Though multinucleated giant cells are in more in number, they cannot be considered as proliferative cells, since the macrophages, mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts are accountable for the growth of the lesion. Hence these cells release cytokines that stimulate the proliferation and recruitment of blood monocytes to become osteoclast like cells.13 The multinucleated giant cells may be large or small in number and they may be irregular or round cells that contains more than twenty nuclei which are responsible for bone resorption and local progression of lesion.14 The giant cells containing more nuclei and dese cellular stroma are found to be more aggressive and may relapse after surgical treatment.13 Some studies reveal a significant difference in the number of giant cells in aggressive and non-aggressive lesions where other studies reveal only few differences in the cell size in histomorphic analysis. Some of them found that the aggressive lesions show the higher number of giant cells with more irregular shape, where the giant cells are larger. There is a an increase in the mitotic activity along with a difference in histomorphic analysis which indicates increase in the fusion of resident macrophages and recruitment of monocytes and also there is higher metabolic activity of multinucleated giant cells that shows an aggressive clinical behavior.15 According to the differential diagnosis of the central giant cell granuloma , based on radiological investigation, being a small unilocular lesions it may be confused with granulomas and periapical cyst and the large multilocular lesions it may be ameloblastoma or lesions the resemble PGCL ,aneurysmal bone cyst, central odontogenic fibr oma, brown tumor of hyperthyroidism, giant cell tumor. The CGCG and brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism resembles each other histologically, in having an intense endogenous brownish pigmentation of hemosiderin. The additional test that help in diagnosis are serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase levels which are normal in CGCG, but increased in brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism. The CGCG usually occurs in both maxilla and mandible but the giant cell tumour more commonly occurs in the epiphyses of long bones. But both the lesions appear as osteolytic defects radiographically but can be differentiated histologically. Evidence reveals that the giant cells are larger, numerous and more round in giant cell tumor in CGCG, with a higher number of nuclei and eventually dispersed. There is fewer foci of osteoid material, areas of haemorrhage and there is deposition of hemosiderin and fibrosis and the stroma contains large and oval cells. The aneurysmal bone cyst can be differentiated from CGCG in having a network of multiple cystic cavities fill with blood within thin walls. Depending on the clinical and radiographic findings, if there is a well-defined lesion, curettage can be done where there is low recurrence, but if it is extensive lesion with perforated cortex, the radical excision is mandatory. Sometimes even partial maxillectomy or mandibulectomy and jaw reconstruction plates or placement of bone grafts can be done. Conclusion Based on the clinical, radiological, histopathological features, it is considered as an aggressive variant of CGCG, which is rare in occurrence. More clarification is needed regarding the pathogenesis and nature of giant cell lesions.

How to Get Completely Lost :: Essays Papers

How to Get Completely Lost The ability to get yourself lost may seem like a rather simple task. You may think this is as easy to do as just throwing the road map out the car door window and simply taking whatever road seems most appealing at the present moment. But to really truly get yourself completely lost to the point that you could end up one thousand miles or more from your originally planned destination while thinking you were going in the correct direction in the first place is an extremely difficult event all in itself. If you are interested at all in learning how to become completely lost while traveling, then please follow the succeeding steps. The first step you would want to take in order to get completely lost is to lose all your common sense. You would have to be the type of person who is so dull in the area of rational thinking that even if the correct directions were to be lit up like a sign on the Las Vegas strip, you would not have enough deductive reasoning skill to think that these might be the correct directions. If the thought of becoming completely lost has made you interested after reading the first step, then the second step should leave you even more enthusiastic than the first. The second step in the process of getting yourself completely lost would require you to need not have a care in the world. In other words, if the world were to burst into a fiery mass of molten flames and death for the entire human race was unavoidable; you would most likely look away from the situation. Instead of panicking or worrying about loved ones or precious possessions, you would just simply pass it off as if it were just another daily occurance. With this care-free attitude, you would then continue with your daily life doing whatever had preoccupied you before being so rudely interrupted with the events of the world erupting into a giant torch. If you are still interested in the thought of becoming completely lost after reading the first and second steps, then the third step in the process will sell you on the idea of becoming completely lost. The third step in becoming completely lost

The Wife of Bath: a Symbol of Antifeminism

The Wife of Bath: A Symbol of Antifeminism Evelyn Cunningham, feminist advocate and journalist states, â€Å"Women are the only oppressed group in our society that lives in intimate association with their oppressors†, this quote was said by Evelyn Cunningham a feminist advocate and journalist. This quote still holds true not only in today’s society but in literature are well. It is no secret that women in literature are seen as less than equal to men. This is especially true about The Wife of Bath of Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales.The Canterbury Tales tells the story of a group of people making a pilgrimage and tell stories to pass the time. The characters in The Canterbury Tales comment on society through the tales they tell. One of those characters is The Wife of Bath whose extended prologue is a fictional autobiography. The Wife of Bath’s prologue and tale display Chaucer’s antifeminist idea to society; Chaucer, the author behind The Wif e, uses her to demean women sexually, mentally, and socially.Chaucer writes The Wife of Bath to have no boundaries when talking about sex, and in the middle ages this was very much frowned upon. The Wife’s sexual forwardness can be seen in the prologue, Chaucer writes, â€Å"‘Experience, though noon auctoritee / Were in this world, were right y-nough to me / To speke of wo that is in marriage†(). The â€Å"experience† she is referring to is of course sex. Chaucer has her boasting about how much sexual experience she has. How much sexual experience one has is highly inappropriate for a woman of any time era to boast about.By showing off how experienced she is in the bedroom, Chaucer makes the Wife of Bath sexually objectify herself. Thus, Chaucer is making the statement that women should only be seen as sexual objects and should be placed submissively to men, and thus demeans the female race in a sexual manner. Chaucer has the Wife misquote the Bible in her prologue. During the middle ages the Bible was not translated so it was not widely known. The fact that Chaucer has The Wife misquote the Bible is making women into a joke because there is no way she would even have this information. Makes her look stupid and single minded. Trying to come up with arguments why its ok to have sex and marry multiple times. Twists it around to defend herself. Quotes half verses, distorts what little she knows. However, Chaucer writes so that The Wife of Bath completely misinterprets the Bible and therefore is humiliating women in a mental way; for instance, Chaucer writes, But this word is nat take of every wight, / But ther as God list give it of his might. I woot wel, that thapostel was a mayde; / But natheless, thogh that he wroot and sayde, / He wolde that every wight were swich as he, / Al nis but conseil to virginitee Because The Wife is publically announcing her misconception of the Bible it shows that Chaucer considered women to be mentally be low men and shows that he used The Wife of Bath to spread his antifeminist ideas to society. Chaucer uses The Wife of Bath to show women in a promiscuous light. In her prologue, The Wife of Bath says that she has been married five times and hopes to be married a sixth; for example, general prologue promiscuous quote.Wants to get married again for sex not companionship Chaucer wirtes, â€Å"For, lordinges, sith I twelf yeer was of age, / Thonked be God that is eterne on lyve, / Housbondes at chirche-dore I have had fyve;† The Wife of Bath does not marry for love, she marries so she can have sex. This can be seen as promiscuous behavior because she is casually marrying to casually have sex. Chaucer uses the Wife of Bath to socially demean women because he makes The Wife of Bath take part in promiscuous behavior.Throughout literature and history women have constantly been seen as less equal to the male race. This is evident in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. Chau cer uses The Wife of Bath as a symbol for the female race and through his story he displays his antifeminist views sexually, mentally and socially. â€Å"Whether women are better than men I cannot say – but I can say they are certainly no worse†, this quotes should be kept in mind while reading The Canterbury Tales because Cahucer imposes his antifeminist views on his readers.Talks about husbands as being in control of them and brags about her faults of stereotype of women. Accused husbands of cheating when it was really me. Spent all their money. Fourth husband cheated on him. Fifth husband younger. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å" â€Å" lines 4-6 [ 2 ]. Golda Meir –feminist activist

Comparison of The Crucible and After Liverpool Essay

For this assignment I am going to be comparing two plays both of which I have studied and preformed. The first play, which I studied, was the crucible by Arthur Miller and After Liverpool by James Saunders. Each of the two plays are naturalistic but are set in two very different times. The Crucible is set in Salem Massachusetts in 1642 and After Liverpool is set in the 70’s. The two are quite contrary in how they were set out first of all After Liverpool was made up of 23 small scenes some only having a few lines some having quite a few but most of them were short. The main things used in the setting for each scene are very basic. The scene was made up of a coffee table, a few chairs and a sofa. It os so basic as everyone has these things and this type of thing could happen to anyone of us at any time. This produces the effect that relationships are similar and that in this performance the only thing that maters is the relationship between the actors whereas on the other hand The Crucible is quite different. This is made up of four long acts. This uses lots of sophisticated props for example detailed furniture and crockery. This is all needed to set the time in which the crucible is set. Whereas in After Liverpool the setting is not irrelevant but is not as important. After Liverpool was made up of two characters of not much significance and a series of duologues bar one. After Liverpool is about the lack of communication that can develop over time. The short scenes in this piece are somewhat symbolic to the nature of relationships today. The speed and the fact that long term relationships are not as common. Also most of them are based on sexual attraction, which is now an important thing when looking for a partner. The crucible has many different characters and each of the characters are described and are of quite significance. Compared to After Liverpool where there is no description of the characters. There is no description of characters as it is irrelevant of who you are in this piece as all people are involved or could be involved in a relationship. The crucible is based on a true story and some of the characters were real people. The crucible is an allegory and was written as Arthur Miller wanted to express his views but couldn’t so he uses The Crucible as an allegory to do so. Miller wanted to express his views about the McCarthy communist hunts in America. What he was saying was that if America is so great and believes in freedom why is it that you were killed or exiled for believing in a contrary government to Americas own. Also The Crucibles main theme was mass hysteria and the community being ruled by the church and religion. After Liverpool also uses symbolism in the apples by this is mean is that the apple is representing the forbidden apple from the story of Adam and Eve. Both of theses plays are similar as both are about gaining power in a relationship in the crucible Abigail gains power over John Proctor leading to his death. After Liverpool this is about relationships and communication between couples. It is preformed entirely in chronological order with no flash backs unlike The Crucible tells you about past events. In After Liverpool each scene is wholly about the couples relationship and the communication or lack of the couples lack any past and never refer to the future. The Crucible is very detailed in its explanation of characters, which gives you an idea when performing of how to play each character. In After Liverpool there is no indication and it is entirely down to the person performing the piece. So it is an indication of how the performer sees the scene happening and maybe an indication on how they view relationships. The fact After Liverpool is written like this is also symbolic in that everyone can be in a relationship that is why the characters are labelled M and W. The reason they are labelled M and W is that it can represent anyone, which is rue as anyone can be in a relationship. The scenes did not have to be in any order this is also symbolic that the relationships in the play do not get anywhere they always end up asking the same questions. They had no specific chronological order as everything was happening in the present. Having looked at both plays it has given me an insight of two very effective ways of portraying relationships both of them very different from each other. I preferred performing After Liverpool as I could use my own drama skills to play each character, which I think is a lot better, and I enjoyed it more. Also I found it easier to understand, as it used more modern language, which was easier to learn.

The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA

The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA The great recession that began in 2006 following the crumple of Lehman brothers, left the central bankers and superior economies in dilemma. The U.S government aggressively invented ways of curbing the devastating upshots of the depression. Among such outcomes were the disintegrations of the main financial marketplaces. Therefore, the government enacted numerous policies to curtail the vast recession (Yang 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sources indicate that, the policies would positively aid in diminishing the outcomes of recession. However, these guidelines would present some negative consequences to the state’s economy. This paper thus identifies the main policies enacted during that time, and explains the negative consequences emanating from such actions. A thorough examination on duty rates, in addition to â€Å"crowdi ng out† is vital in realizing the outcomes (Dennis 2). In February 2009, legislators enacted â€Å"The American recovery and reinvestment act (ARRA) of 2009† aimed at fighting the weaknesses in the country’s economy. The act reinforced numerous roles such as provision of finances to its states. The act aided in funding the edification and the transportation divisions. According to Dennis (2), the act funded projects and assisted the poor individuals in the society. Apart from the above functions, the act highly helped relief taxes imposed on commodities thus benefiting the business people and the consumers. However, the act led to numerous negative challenges. Sources indicate that, the act would have harmful effects on the economy and especially on micro economy. Dennis anticipates a reduction in the total output as estimated by â€Å"Congressional Budget Board† (CBO) (Dennis 2). The short-term economic stimulus proposed by different entities would finall y augment the total government debt. This would be due of the amplified in government outlay or returns reduction. Furthermore, during the recession session, individuals hold their wealth in a way not helpful in funding for private investment. It is probable that the increased debt would drastically lessen the amount of â€Å"productive private capital† (Dennis 2). Finally, the study suggests the â€Å"crowding out† of debt on the private ventures. According to CBO, each dollar for the arrears would â€Å"crowd out† to about a third of the total value of domestic capital (Dennis 2). Nevertheless, the CBO lacks the exact figures on the level of crowding out likely to occur in future. Therefore, while making the budget approximation, the CBO decides to incorporate both high and low levels of the crowding out. Additionally, the CBO anticipated amplification in employment opportunities but a decline in wages.Advertising Looking for essay on business economi cs? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The core reason behind the decline would be the inflated reduction in the GDP (Dennis 3). Furthermore, the ARRA would augment interest charges as the Federal Reserve tries to combat inflation. Although ARRA strives to counter the recession by combating the inflation levels, there exists a high possibility of its recurrence in future due to large amount of funds injected into the economy. In 2008, the U.S government endorsed â€Å"The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act† (Straus 4). This policy permitted the treasury department to provide more capital to the banks through procuring equities and mortgages from the distressed companies. It did not only accord the treasury the authority to provide the funds but also granted it additional powers. Even though the act played a striking part in reducing the effects of recession, it resulted to a number of limitations. These effects highly affected the executives of financial institutions selling the troubled possessions (Straus 6). The main types of limitations presented by the treasury were on home compensation usually rewarded by fiscal foundations selling the assets. Sources indicate that, direct buying of the troubled assets held by the organization took course instead of utilizing the bidding processes thus forcing the organization to satisfy certain compensation standards. Such standards fail to work in case of purchasing the assets through auctioning. The second limitation would arise from application of auction in purchasing the assets (Straus 7). The direct purchase also advocated for some limitations when compensating the executive officers. This would result to adverse effects to the financial institutions run by these bureaucrats. Furthermore, the act highly governed the process of parachute payments, compensation payments, thus an inflated tendency of recording losses that would result to slow growth of these institutions. In addition, the act prohibited any compensations provision to the employees’ wages (Straus 8). This to an extent would pose numerous challenges thus shortage of security for the cash. The â€Å"The Economic Stimulus Act (2008)† is a congress act enacted in 2008, a time when the effects of recession were at the peak (Yang 4). The congress realized the need to boost the American economy thus its implementation. It permitted the eligible taxpayers and married couples obtain high ratio of discount on the taxes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, other individuals who never paid dues but earned $ 3,000 and above qualified for these remunerations. It also benefited specific businesses through tax reduction. Despite the taxes reduction, the resultant effects of the policy would be devastating to th e U.S citizens residing in native countries. A current study conducted by professionals indicates challenges for both professionals and immigrants residing out of U.S due to the taxation system (Yang 6). The act demands for imbursement of duties even if one is out of United States. Therefore, a great proportion of individuals result to jettisoning the citizenship thus becoming citizens of the host nation, in an attempt to avoid double taxation. However, in other developed nations, people working abroad are held as non-residents thus illegible for taxation. Studies show that innumerable applications for citizenship termination languish at many American consulates prior to their processing. This depicts the reasons for adopting the permanent residence for the emigrants (Yang 7). Furthermore, the fiscal guidelines results to barriers thus inefficiency in international trading. With the accelerating growth in globalization, the America’s future competitiveness is likely to halt d ue to such policies. The policies enacted during the great recession period are likely to cause long-term consequences. According to Gale and Auerbach (2), the U.S national expenditure would tremendously grow in the next ten years. The 2009 fiscal year estimates indicated a growth in the total fund utilized for medical care purposes thus the imbalances amid the revenues and spending in future. However, the CBO professionals argued that, cutting down the expenditure on medical care, would help reduce the fiscal gap (Gale Auerbach 2). After a detailed scrutiny of the above propositions, realization of the anticipated goals require elongated time duration. Therefore, it reckons obvious that the policies endorsed during Bush leadership contributed significantly to the fiscal gap. Additionally, the research confirmed that the elevated fiscal gap would not trim down soon because of the fall in government payments and the increasing rate of taxation. The resulting outcome would be a long- standing national debt to the GDP ratio. However, proposals by diverse entities advising for diminishing interest rates that help lessen the size of the national debts upsurge would not aid bridge the fiscal gap (Gale Auerbach 3). Contrary to people’s expectations, reduction in interest rates only reduce the costs incurred in checking the debt. The policies enacted all through the economic downturn enhanced the spending. Sources indicate that this would eventually result into augmentation of interest rates. The result would be a fall in investment, therefore, a condition referred to as â€Å"crowding out† (Melvin Boyes 185). Contrary to the diverse types of transactions, investment is highly sensitive to alterations in the interest rates thus greatly affected by the fiscal policy changes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, when the government incurs deficits, it resolves this through borrowing from other entities usually from overseas or issuances of bonds. Therefore, these bonds eventually result to the swell in interest rates. The boost in interest results to a decline in aggregate demand a condition highly contradicting the provisions of the fiscal policy. In addition, despite the government’s efforts of reducing inflation, it is apparent that time inconsistency would result. As predetermined by Melvin and Boyes (185), such policies would culminate into inflation due to the government’s efforts of increasing spending. Furthermore, the recent recession in the US resulted to tremendous job shortages (Melvin Boyes 196). To counter such challenges, most of the enacted policies aimed at creating more opportunities. However, such policies resulted to job scarcity because of inflation. Summarily, the government enacted numerous policies during the recession, which endeavored t o boost the economy growth. Despite the many benefits from these monetary and the fiscal policies, they also presented numerous short-runs as well as long-range challenges. Many of the acts formulated would result to low output, inflation and the rise in government debt. The amplification in interest rates on funds presents a decline in private investment. Furthermore, inflated government spending presented a dilemma on healthcare. However, despite the high proportion of consequences of the policies, the benefits associated with them are considerably more. Auerbach, Alan. Gale, William. The economic crisis and fiscal crisis: 2009 and beyond. 2009. Web. Dennis, Robert. Budget and economic outlook: Fiscal 2010 to 2020. Philadelphia, PA: DIANE Publishing, 2010. Print. Melvin, Michael. Boyes, William. Economics. New York, NY: Cengage learning, 2006. Print. Straus, Jacob. Lobbying the executive branch: current practices and options for change. Philadelphia, PA: DIANE Publishing, 2010. Print. Yang, Susan. Policies for increasing economic growth and employment in 2010 and 2011. Washington, DC: DIANE publishing, 2011. Print.

A personal response Thomas Kinsella Essay Example

A personal response Thomas Kinsella Essay Example A personal response Thomas Kinsella Paper A personal response Thomas Kinsella Paper Thomas Kinsella is a poet that is very aware of transience. He also shows me through his poetry that the things we remember as children take on a different meaning when we are older and also that when someone passes away, we also look at the memories of that person in a different way. His poetry has a harsh outlook on aging, getting old and even gaining knowledge to a degree, however he is not all doom and gloom (as we see in Model school, Inchichore and Dick King), he can also take a positive view on things, even death! My favourite aspect of his poetry is the way he can show you a new perspective while still using simple, everyday language for the most part. Sometimes, his poems can be read in a number of different ways! Kinsella is unique from other poets in the fact that he was influenced by theories of Carl Jung. No other poet I have studied on the leaving cert course that uses outside inspiration as strongly. He also writes a good deal about people in his life, or who were in his life, in his poetry and I think that stands to him as a person. It shows that even in his work, he thinks about those who mean a lot to him. A poem that has a very strong sense of transience is Mirror in February. The poet has an epiphany while shaving in the mirror one day. He realizes that he is the same age as Jesus when he died,reach the age of Christ, but yet the poet has not accomplished his lifes mission. To me, it seems as if the poet obsesses over his age and the fear of growing old for they are not made whole. Kinsella is jealous of the trees because they get hacked clean for better bearing and return again during the Spring, whereas Kinsella cannot just be renewed. When he ages, the years stay with him, how should the flesh not quail that span for span is mutilated more? . We can tell that Kinsella is not happy with the idea of himself growing old, while the trees stay seemingly ageless, In slow distaste. This poem gives me a good insight of the feelings that Im sure many of the adults in my life have experienced at some stage in their lives, and feelings that, I am sure, I will face in time. It has also shown me that although aging is inevitably a part of life, I can go about it in two ways. I can deny it for as long as I can before I have to accept the it, or I can do what Kinsella does in this poem, which I much prefer, and just accept it as part of life. I fold my towel. not young and not renewable, but man. Kinsella isnt happy about the fact that hes aging (and who is? ) but he can accept it and enjoy the time he has left with pride in being who he is, and I like that about him as a person. The main poem from kinsellas works that shows transience is His fathers Hands. This poem is too erratic and long for my liking but I can certainly relate to what he says and this is probably the poem I can relate to most out of all of Kinsellas poems that we have studied throughout the leaving cert course. Things like how his father destroys the point by prodding the air, remind me of my family as my father does the exact same his fingers prodded and prodded marring his point. When my father does it, I too, zone out and start thinking of other things. Kinsellas grandfather also reminds me of my own. My dad is the spitting image of him, so I often think of my grandfather when I see my dad. This is exactly what Kinsella does as well. I have watched his fathers hands before him. My grandfather is also very hard of hearing and near blind, as the grandfather in His fathers hands is. To his deaf, inclined head. This poem reminds me of my grandfather and for that reason alone, I really like this poem. However unlike this poem, my grandfather is not an isolated figure, that is looked upon with pity, my grandfather is the life and soul of a party at times and so I can never read this poem and feel the sadness and loneliness that others do, but that is a plus in my eyes. This poem actually inspired me to look back to my roots, and discover more about who my family was before me. And some years before that the Family came from somewhere around Tullow. Although the style of the poem isnt the type I normally like, this poem is very memorable to me and I dont think I will ever forget it because of the effect it has had on me.

Assessing The Strategic Human Resource Management Preferences Business Essay

Assessing The Strategic Human Resource Management Preferences Business Essay Number of growing organizations believes that Human Resource (HR) provides them competitive advantage. It was understood by many organizations that competitive advantage can be obtained by quality work force/employees and culture. Approach of linking Human Resource Management to Strategic objectives of an organization is called as Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) (Bratton and Gold, 2001). It was cited by Bratton and Gold (2001, p39) strategic management is defined as ‘that set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation’. Strategic HR ensures that employees/human capital of an organization contributes to its achievements with their skills and performance. Traditional HR is concerned with implementation of policies and techniques like recruitment, staffing, remuneration, assessment etc (Klabbers, University of Bergen). But linking the general HRM and the organization’s strategy gives HR department more sc ope to enhance the abilities of their workforce and concentrate on the vision and mission. This connection is made to improve the organization performance and develop organizational culture which in turn facilitates innovation and flexibility. Overall the key principle of Strategic HRM is to achieve organization’s vision and mission. Bratton (2001) describes SHRM as a continuous process that requires constant adjustment in three major areas namely Value of Senior management, the environment and the resources available. Fig 1: Three major poles in strategic planning (Adapted from Bratton and Gold, 2001) Some authors believe that Strategic HRM is an Outcome and some believe that it’s a process. It was cited by Bratton and Gold (2004) that authors like Ulrich (1997) and Snell et al had different opinion on Strategic HRM. Snell et al believed that it’s an outcome designed to achieve sustained competitive edge through quality workforce. Ulrich (1997) also stated SHRM as an outcome of mission, vision and priorities of HR department. HR strategies are more concerned about matching the Five Ps that stimulates the employee roles for competitive strategy (Bratton and Gold, 2004, p46 and Cerdin and Ashok Som, 2003). It was cited by Cerdin and Ashok Som (2003) that Strategic HRM is identified in three levels namely Strategic, Managerial and operational level. Strategic level looks to the long term future, Managerial level looks at the mid term and the operation level looks at the short term focus. Different models and approaches were discussed in this assignment to understand the functionality of strategic HRM and how far the organization able to implement it. Models and Approaches There are several approaches and models by which Strategic HRM can be applied but basic strategic HRM model is widely accepted by many authors, researchers and even critics as well (Kane and Palmer, 1995). This basic model is based on the external and internal environment a nd basic organization strategies. Fig 2 Basic Model of Strategic Human resource Management (Adapted from Kane and Palmer, 1995) Strategic HRM models demonstrate how an organization links its business strategies and HR function to achieve it goals. Though SHRM adopts resource based philosophy, there are three different models defined by authors (Bratton and Gold, 2004, p49). These models are Control based, Resource based and Integrative model.

Employment Law--Case Report [British Nursing Association v Inland Case Study

Employment Law-- Report [British Nursing Association v Inland Revenue] - Case Study Example In some countries (such as Canada), employment laws related to unionised workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals. In most countries however, no such distinction is made. The labour movement has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries." 1 "In this case the EAT held that nurses providing a telephone service from their own homes at night were working throughout the night, even though they were able to do as they wished and might be asleep between telephone calls. The employees provided emergency nursing cover for nursing homes through a booking service that was staffed by qualified nurses 24 hours a day. During the day the service was provided from various offices but at night it was provided by nurses working from their homes. The Inland Revenue NMW Compliance Team served an enforcement notice on the employer. The Employment Tribunal considered that there was essentially no difference between the day workers and the night workers, except that the night workers worked from home. The Tribunal therefore concluded that the nurses were working for the whole of their night shift. The EAT upheld the decision of the Tribunal. ... four aspects: the nature of the work; the extent to which the workers' activities were restricted or unrestricted when they were not dealing with telephone calls; the way in which the parties approached their mutual obligations and the way remuneration was calculated; and the extent to which the period during which work was performed was ascertainable. The fact that the nurses were remunerated according to a shift system illustrated the nature of the obligation, since the employer would not be expected to pay them for time when they were not working. The EAT considered that the nurses' situation was different from that of other home workers because they could not choose the periods of time during the night when they answered the telephone calls. The continuing obligation to hold themselves ready to answer the telephone throughout the night was an important element in considering which periods of time constituted work. The main issue was what was to be regarded as their "actual work". The EAT emphasised that the task is to look at all the facts of the case, rather than trying to apply a general rule or categorise the nature of the work involved." 01 Further more detailed description of type and work of National Minimum Wage Compliance Team is as Follows: "The National Minimum Wage Compliance Team is an arm of the Inland Revenue charged with the task of enforcing the minimum wage with extensive powers to bring infringing employers to the Tribunal. It has had a remarkable track record of success with well selected and well prepared cases. The result is greater compliance with the NMW, more money for workers and more tax and NI revenue for the Treasury. British Nursing Association -v- Inland Revenue ( National Minimum Wage Compliance Team ) concerned workers who

Human resources trends Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human resources trends - Case Study Example Labor costs might not be the high overhead variable affecting overall costs it was 30 years ago, but it still a cost reducing solution managers choose to utilize when they feel pressures from upper management and shareholders to lower costs. Outsourcing of employees is not the evil predicament many think it is. It is simply a solution that provides flexibility and allows costing reduction in different compensation areas. Outsourcing of a firm's workforce can occur in various ways. A company can choose to hire employees through job agencies in order to acquire a staff that is legally not theirs. Under this type of work arrangement the employee belongs to the job agency, but performs work and it is supervised by the manager of a firm. Once integrated into the company's system in reality the job agency employee and the directly recruited employee is treated equally and there is not way to differentiate them within a work setting. This alternative is chosen to reduce fringe benefits comp ensation costs and to have flexibility of not being forced to retain an employee after the typical short probation period expires. An outsourcing arrangement occurs when an enterprises hires a consultant to perform work in any type of project within the organization. A third way and the reason the typical American worker feels outsourcing is evil to outsource work that used to be performed in-house to third world countries to save on operational costs. The fact of the matter is that this shift was necessary and most of the time the type of work being outsource are functions which are perform at a fraction of the cost oversees. For example a Chinese worker earns approximately 95% less per hour than a person working in the United States or Europe (Ceglowski & Mawr, 2005). By reducing costs and outsourcing this type of work a company is able to hire more employees to perform other duties. The world environment of developed countries has shifted from manual work to a knowledge economy. There is not turning back and people in developed nation must educated and train themselves to compete in this new economy. Human r esources must adapt and to the change by understanding the different contractual requirements of the various employees working directly and indirectly for a company. Another emerging trend in the business environment of the 21st century is online recruiting. The internet has become a part of the everyday life of humans. There are over 1.1 billion online users worldwide (Plunckett Research, 2007). Since there so many people online spending multiple hours daily in the internet, a great way to find and attract talented professionals is to find them at this time. Online recruiting is great because it provides access to a large pool of potential candidates, but it has many other benefits for human resource professionals. Online recruiting allows HR to find potential employees in places there would have never been able to find them in the past. It allows firms to recruit international players with ease. This must be done because there is shortage of talented professionals in a lot of technical fields such as accounting, information systems, scientists, nursing among many others. The HR field is adapting to the reality of marketplace talent pool shortage and in the future it is projected that the gap between demand and supply for talent will only increase.

An Exploration into the impact of working with a dying client on the Essay

An Exploration into the impact of working with a dying client on the Humanistic PersonCentred Psychotherapist - Essay Example The death or dying condition of the client has a profound impact on the therapist who not only witnesses the gradual demise of a person he knew closely but also the dissociation of a relationship that may have developed over years in which the client and the therapist were part of deeper thought processes and the therapist became aware of the inner mental processes of the client. Considering that the therapist may well have been the closest person to the client, and the client revealed many secrets to the therapist, the bond may have been especially strong between the client and the therapist. Clients in many cases are closest to their therapists than even to their family members and the client therapist relationship is defined by trust as the client reveals many personal facets to the therapist which the world may not even know. The therapist and client thus develop a mutual attachment and that is why being attached to a dying client and witnessing a close person's death could have a significant impact on the psychotherapist. It is difficult to gauge what sort of impact this could be and whether this would be positive or negative for the therapist but it is expected that the therapist would learn from the experience so it would be positive in an experiential sense although the emotional impact being significant, the whole experience could be negative and di sturbing for the psychotherapist. The case placed here is that of a terminally ill cancer patient, 60 year old John P who joined a clinical centre and therapeutic group initially to overcome his emotional problems following the discovery of his life threatening illness. John P was then recommended to a psychotherapist who practiced person centered humanistic approaches and therapeutic sessions began after a first introductory visit by John p to the therapist's chamber. The client therapist mutual relationship soon developed as a bond and an attachment as John P revealed his inner fears, his emotional strengths and weaknesses and his general attitude towards life and death and reflected on his illness. The therapy continued to help John greatly as he found a confidante and a friend in the therapist and their mutual relationship strengthened as the therapist focused more on the humanistic approach and showed concerns about John's emotional and personal needs, his aspirations, and goals and what he wanted in life. The opportunity to share his thoughts and feelings with the therapist infused confidence in John P and the therapeutic sessions turn out to be advantageous for John especially during his end of life stage when he faces the prospect of rapid health deterioration due to his terminal illness. The focus however is the impact of the professional relationship which can even border on the personal, on the therapist who will live with the memories of the client and having developed an attachment or bond with the client may find it difficult to cope with the loss of daily interaction with the patient when John P dies or becomes incapable of attending sessions any further.

Workplace policies and practices. DreamWorks Animation Essay

Workplace policies and practices. DreamWorks Animation - Essay Example This paper considers six policies and practices which contribute to the high level of employee engagement that exists in the company: commitment to the highest quality, diversity in recruitment, coaching and mentorship, a relaxed and â€Å"fun environment to stimulate creativity, and flexible teamwork. DreamWorks Animation is company that many creative people aspire to work for, and perhaps the most attractive feature about this organization is that it is simply the best in the industry. This high quality image brings a sense of pride to all of its employees but it also brings with it extremely high expectations in times of quality of work and adherence to tight deadlines. The company attracts the brightest and best employees because of its profile as a leading and innovative animated movie producer and so long as it maintains this position it will make them want to stay and achieve even more success. The company webpages show also a real commitment to diversity in the workforce, si nce the faces of leading employees are male and female, and different in terms of age and ethnic origins also. It is a young company with an international flavour. This diversity is useful to the company because it matches the global audiences for the company products, but there is also evidence this mix encourages innovative thinking and exchange of ideas. The different social and cultural backgrounds of the staff make for a stimulating and rich working environment. The company’s philosophy makes a big statement about this point, and it is clearly one of the company’s overarching and strategic aims to have unity in diversity: â€Å"In this friendly, open and collaborative environment, people of globally diverse talent and backgrounds push creative boundaries and enjoy an easy camaraderie. We attract a globally diverse group of artists, technologists, production and support staff who come together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DreamWorks Website). This commitment to be inclusive mea ns that the prevailing atmosphere is open and all staff are able to participate freely in company activities without fear of prejudice or inequality. Mutual respect marks the ethical tone of the company and this in turn leads to a more committed and contented workforce. Employee engagement begins at the point where people are recruited into the company. Vacancies are advertised on the company webpage, and of course the company requires very specific and certified skills in most of its employee roles. Experience is also needed in this industry, along with new ideas that are current in the youth cultures of the present time. Locating the right mix of talent and experience is difficult in animation, and DreamWorks takes a long term view of this task. It is commendable to note that there are outreach efforts in colleges and universities to draw in talent from all parts of society, including state as well as private educational institutions. In 2005, for example, the company started off an Outreach program to attract graduates who had no experience in the industry, but could demonstrate talent in their university work: â€Å"the goal of this program was to seed the next generation of creative and technical leadership at the Studio, and also to offset the rapidly rising salary rates for experienced talent.† (Newspeak.com case study, 2011) Some such ventures are little more than public relations stunts, but the company reports that 165 entry level graduates were hired, and 93% were retained, and 8 individuals were considered â€Å"

Love how auditing can ensure a good relationship between principle and Research Paper

Love how auditing can ensure a good relationship between principle and agents - Research Paper Example Audits enhance economic prosperity, expands the variety, number and the value of transactions that people are prepared to enter into. In recent years, however, in the light of corporate scandals, auditors are witnessing demands to improve audit quality, globally. The UK is seeing changes to promote greater transparency, but there are demands to further improve the system. The question is to how and to what extent this issue can be addressed (Bohren, Oyvind, 1998).   In order to understand all the outstanding queries, it is inevitable to have an understanding what audit means to all the parties involved in the dealings. We must ask ourselves as to what the sole purpose of an independent audit is and what are the elements that enclose the role of audit? The main reasons in the conflicts between the principles and the agents are, the principles lack trust in their agents because the information and motives are different of both parties, principles, whether rightly or wrongly, they think that the information that is being passed on by their agents is not accurate, and there is no uniformity of motives between the both parties. It is important to understand how this essential tool of audit has been developed over a period encompassing hundreds of years; it is important to understand its purpose and how useful it has become. In the domain of economy, the audits of financial data is publicly available nowadays, many factors and interests come into pla y. In this situation, a simple audit is not likely to be able to answer every question but it surely starts things up. Agency Theory defined the perception of connection for agreements which may reduce the conflicts between resources holders. Principle is the regulatory and the authoritative body to handle one or more agents at a time. The concept of Agency Theory come into being in early 70s, however it has the long diverse history

Plea Bargaining Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Plea Bargaining - Research Paper Example 622 (2002), (Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the ninth circuit No. 01-595. Argued April 24, 2002-Decided June 24, 2002) the court initiated the focus on the realities of the plea process but the endeavor materialized with a half hearted outcome. It was in the year 2010, regarding a case between Padilla v. Kentucky - 08-651 (2010) the court engineered in the substantive calculus of the notion of plea bargaining along with the attendants sentencing decisions, running of the lawyers along with the associated civil consequences. Padilla was a petitioner, a lawful permanent resident of the United States for 40 years faced deportation after pleading guilty to drug distribution charges in Kentucky. Padilla held that before a guilty plea, the criminal defense counsel must be advising the clients not only about the direct consequences of the plea but also but also about one of its chief collateral civil consequences, deportation. The case of Padilla can be said to be a la ndmark construal of the constitution’s Sixth Amendment’s right to effective counsel followed by the court to move beyond its fixation upon various cases that go to the jury trials (Bibas, 2011, p.1117). The United States (U.S.) of America from a very long time has been rigidly associated with the emblem of democracy and freedom with proper and quick functioning of the court system being one of the major parameters. Within the judicial system of the United States, the notion of plea bargaining is highly common with approximately 90% of the criminal cases being settled by plea bargaining mechanism rather than by the process of a jury trials. The procedure of plea bargaining is subjected to the court and several states and jurisdictions fall under domain of different rules (Plea Bargaining, 2012). The American Samoa is one of the territories of United States of America and the central theme of the paper will be dealing with the practice of plea bargaining

Love how auditing can ensure a good relationship between principle and Research Paper

Love how auditing can ensure a good relationship between principle and agents - Research Paper Example Audits enhance economic prosperity, expands the variety, number and the value of transactions that people are prepared to enter into. In recent years, however, in the light of corporate scandals, auditors are witnessing demands to improve audit quality, globally. The UK is seeing changes to promote greater transparency, but there are demands to further improve the system. The question is to how and to what extent this issue can be addressed (Bohren, Oyvind, 1998).   In order to understand all the outstanding queries, it is inevitable to have an understanding what audit means to all the parties involved in the dealings. We must ask ourselves as to what the sole purpose of an independent audit is and what are the elements that enclose the role of audit? The main reasons in the conflicts between the principles and the agents are, the principles lack trust in their agents because the information and motives are different of both parties, principles, whether rightly or wrongly, they think that the information that is being passed on by their agents is not accurate, and there is no uniformity of motives between the both parties. It is important to understand how this essential tool of audit has been developed over a period encompassing hundreds of years; it is important to understand its purpose and how useful it has become. In the domain of economy, the audits of financial data is publicly available nowadays, many factors and interests come into pla y. In this situation, a simple audit is not likely to be able to answer every question but it surely starts things up. Agency Theory defined the perception of connection for agreements which may reduce the conflicts between resources holders. Principle is the regulatory and the authoritative body to handle one or more agents at a time. The concept of Agency Theory come into being in early 70s, however it has the long diverse history

The Nature of Phobia Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Phobia Essay Your heart starts beating faster. Your palms start to sweat. Youre shaking, and suddenly youre short of breath. This is fear, an emotion we all experience at some point in our lives. It warns us when something is not safe, or even when we are outside our own comfort zone. Like, for instance, some of us might be glossophobic. Not familiar with the term? Well, it means youre afraid of public speaking. According to a recent study, it affects at least 75% of the population. Glossophobia is the most common phobia, even more so common than Necrophobia, the fear of dying. But what exactly is a phobia, anyway? Well, to have a phobia of something is to have an extreme and irrational fear of something to a point where it is disabling and is considered a mental disorder. Sometimes people will say they have a phobia when theyre just afraid of something. For example, many people tend to say that theyre arachnophobic, which is the fear of spiders and other arachnids. But really, most people are just afraid of them and dont have an actual phobia for them. In fact, an American study found that only somewhere between 8.7% and 18.1% of Americans suffer from a phobia. Now Ive introduced, what, three phobias to you already? Well, thats just the tip of the iceberg. There are literally hundreds of phobias out there, and if you can name it, theres probably a phobia for it. Like theres heliophobia, the fear of sunlight; anthophobia, the fear of flowers; phonophobia, the fear of loud noises; and tetraphobia, the fear of the number four. These may seem a bit ridiculous to us, these phobias affect hundreds of people around the world. And I suppose one must wonder†¦ how is it possible for someone to develop a fear of flowers? There are a few ways. People can be taught to fear something, by predisposing someone to something specifically to frighten them or simply by telling them they should be afraid of it. For example, if a small child is told not to play by the well because its dangerous, this child could very possibly develop a fear of wells. Another way to develop a phobia is to have a traumatic experience regarding the object they fear. For instance, if a child were to fall down a well, the child may develop a fear of wells in general, aquaphobia (the fear of water), acrophobia (fear of heights) or claustrophobia (the fear of enclosed spaces). So theoretically, its possible for someone to develop an irrational fear of just about anything.

Influence of the Media on the Vietnam War

Influence of the Media on the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was divisive for America for many reasons, but the debate about the role of the media has become almost as controversial as the war itself. A popular assessment that emerged shortly after its end was that newspapers and television networks had contributed to the failure in Vietnam by becoming oppositional bringing the brutality of war, as well as criticism of the government, into American homes, influencing public attitudes and ultimately bringing about the withdrawal. In political and military circles the medias impact was deemed to be so decisive that the Department of Defense attempted the total exclusion of reporters from the invasion of Grenada in 1983, and introduced a new media pool system for the Panama invasion of 1989. In his 1986 book, The Uncensored War, Daniel Hallin challenged this view that during the war the American media shifted to an oppositional stance. In a strong empirical study, Hallin suggested the growth of critical coverage merely reflected the growing dissensus on the war, particularly within the political elite. Hallin has since drawn broad support, certainly from the academic field, and this essay supports his conclusion that the media did not become a force of opposition. In arguing that the US news media had little independent impact on the course of the war, however, I believe Hallin is wrong. This essay will begin with a brief critique of Hallins 1986 study, as this will provide a useful framework for analysis of the medias impact on the war. I will indicate why it is a sound conclusion that the media was not an institution of opposition, before stressing three omissions: the changing media; the impact of critical reporting; and the ability of an objective media to influence opinion and policy. The following sections will expand these arguments, in order to show that they are key to understanding the medias impact, and that it must be considered a factor in the course of the Vietnam War. This essay will argue that the media did have some independent impact on the course of the Vietnam War through a vicious cycle of making information about the war available, and affecting public and elite opinion. Once negative opinions formed, these were reported by the press and led to a greater split, making the Administration consider the publics reaction to military policy. Hallin a brief critique Daniel Hallin (1986) argues that news coverage was broadly supportive until 1968, operating within a sphere of consensus, with stories focused on a theme of American boys in action. The shift to critical coverage was due to elements within the administration beginning to argue publicly over the course of the war, the media never moved into a sphere of deviance where fundamental criticisms of the legitimacy of government action were made (Robinson, 2010). This shift at the time of the 1968 Tet Offensive reflected a breakdown of consensus regarding the war, both in the political elite and wider society. Hallin attributes these findings to two factors: prevalent anti-communist ideology in the USA ensured journalists and government officials were united; and the media continued to practice objective journalism the ideology and newsgathering routines of journalism did not change, the media continued using official sources and not favouring opponents of administration policy. Hallin supports his theory using quantitative data relating to the content of news media and its progression through the War period. The strength of the study lies in this empirical approach; the data are thorough and support his conclusions well, such as the fact that only 8% of all Vietnam stories contained comments reflecting favourably or unfavourably on major actors. Thus Hallin provides a very persuasive response to the oppositional thesis, but his study is much less supportive to his argument that the media had little independent impact on the course of the war. This is due to his failure to develop his argument in key areas. The first is the dramatic changes taking place in the media at the time of Vietnam. It was not the first war where atrocities were committed, nor the first to involve political debate about its course, yet these were faithfully reported during Vietnam as they had been in no war previously. Hallin does not discuss the reasons for this, and this is crucial for the evaluation of the medias impact. The second is the influence of negative reporting. Hallin does not analyse fully the effect of broadcasts such as Walter Cronkites famous declaration of stalemate and the footage of General Loan killing an unarmed Vietcong prisoner. Hallins third omission is the consideration that an objective media by what it reports can still have a significant impact on public and elite opinion. The media reported stories damaging to support for the war, albeit from an objective stance, and its effect could have been compounded by a vicious cy cle. These omissions represent my arguments for the conclusion that the media did have some impact on the course of the Vietnam War, and they are discussed below. A changing media At the time of the Vietnam War there were significant changes taking place that affected not only the stories that were available to journalists, but also crucially the way in which the news was reported by the media. As has been seen since, these developments decreased the extent of the medias deference in a time of war and enabled greater independence (Robinson, 2010). Vietnam was a war of firsts in many respects. As Susan Carruthers (2000) notes, it was the first television war. Vietnam received sustained, almost nightly, coverage for a number of years. It was the first war to be broadcast in colour (Culbert, 1998), and the first to benefit from new technologies such as satellites. In previous wars editors would order reporters to deliver timeless pieces from the battlefield, such as troops securing an area or marching across countryside, as stories had to be physically brought back to the USA before broadcast. Without this problem broadcasts began to involve current battles and combat, as they were immediately relevant to the reporting of the wars progression. This meant that much more detail about the war, particularly its human costs, reached the American public. Carruthers (2000) also points out that Vietnam marked the start of an age of investigative journalism that culminated in the Watergate scandal. As will be discussed below, the military s credibility gap encouraged journalists to root out stories for themselves, making reporting much more independent than it had been in previous wars, where the media had relied on information from military briefings. Daniel Hallin (1986) does refer to these changes, and the historical context of the war in Vietnam. He concedes, Vietnam did push journalists away from the deference of an earlier era, but perhaps neglects the significance of this change in relation to the medias impact on the war. Hallin notes that Vietnam was the first war in which reporters routinely accompanied military forces and were not subjected to censorship, giving the media extraordinary freedom to report the war without direct government control. I believe this freedom is extremely significant in the assessment of the impact of the media. It gave reporters unprecedented access to the war, which they could deliver first hand to the American public through their television sets and newspapers. In the words of Epstein (cited in Herman Chomsky, 1988), the military lost its control over the movements of the press, who could step out of their hotels and find themselves willy-nilly in the midst of bloody fighting. This freedom led to damaging exposà ©s such as Morley Safers report showing the burning of the village of Cam Ne in 1965, stories which would not have surfaced prior to Vietnam. The most important development relating to the medias influence in Vietnam was the increasing profile of television news. As Hallin (1986) attests, Television news came of age on the eve of Vietnam. CBS and NBC TV, Americas two biggest television networks, extended their nightly news bulletin from fifteen to thirty minutes in 1963, with ABC following suit in 1967. The growth of television news had a profound effect on the way news, and especially the war, was reported. News had to be selective and visually dramatic. Carlyle Thayer (1992) explains the effect this had: the war that Americans saw was almost exclusively violent, miserable, or controversial: guns firing, men falling, helicopters crashing, buildings toppling, huts burning, refugees fleeing, women wailing. For the first time the American public experienced the human suffering of war, not expressed by words or statistics, but by pictures that showed them details previously unknown to them. It must be said that Hallin (1986) credibly shows that mainstream media refrained from exposure of wars human costs for the considerable part of Vietnam. He receives support here from Lawrence Lichty, whose study of 2,300 network evening news reports from 1965 1970 showed that only 76 showed anything approaching true violence (Lichty cited in Thayer, 1992). Again, these are strong arguments in terms of disproving the oppositional thesis, but both Hallin and Lichty undervalue the effect that critical reporting can have on society. These dramatic changes in the information available to journalists, and the way in which they could report it, greatly increased the potential impact the media could have on the Administration and wartime policy. The impact of critical reporting Daniel Hallin (1986) demonstrates that there was a growth in critical coverage around the time of the 1968 Tet Offensive. In assessing the impact of the media on the war, I believe he underestimates just how critical, and how negative, some of the coverage of the war was during this period. While overall coverage may have remained objective, this is not to say that certain broadcasts were not detrimental to the war effort some are still remembered as turning points in the war. The CBS anchorman Walter Cronkite was described as the most trusted man in America. On 27th February 1968, upon returning from an inspection of the war, he proclaimed, to say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory conclusion, while describing Vietnam as a bloody experience (Carruthers, 2000). Upon hearing this broadcast, President Johnson is alleged to have told aides, it is all over (Thussu Freedman, 2003). Its effect was clear to see. On 31st March Lyndon Johnson announced he would not seek a second term as President, and in a speech to the media shortly afterwards made clear that they were in no small part responsible for his decision (Carruthers, 2000). Cronkite directly contradicted the government line on the state of the war, and went further on CBS Radio, speaking of the misleading picture of those optimistic stories weve heard about the progress of the war, and asking, Can we, as a nation, face up to the prospect of an overwhelmingly cost ly and bitter Asian War? (Braestrup, 1977). Here it is clear that Cronkite and CBS strayed in to Hallins sphere of deviance. The anchorman claimed the public had been misled by their government, and questioned the war itself. This was by no means the only instance of extremely critical reporting. Hallin is silent on the issue of the footage of General Loan, Chief of Police of South Vietnam, shooting an unarmed Vietcong sympathiser in the head, aired by NBC on 2nd February 1968. David Culbert (1998) is correct to emphasise the impact of both the footage and the still photograph, which appeared in newspapers around the world, on viewers and policy-makers alike. He also records the words of Frank McGhee, commentator for the unedited footage aired on 10th March, the war is being lost by the Administrations definition, showing another arm of the media questioning the legitimacy of the war. It is impossible, of course, to determine the actual effect of such reporting on public and elite opinion, but it is unwise to discount its impact altogether. This ignores the compelling visual evidence about the war that was offered to the American public. Culbert (1998) presents a quote from Peter Braestrup on the Loan killing that demonstrates this argument well: It was a kind of ultimate horror story that you captured in living colour. But in terms of information it told you almost nothing. This is a crucial point, and one that will be returned to in the following section, that viewers were left to fill the information void with their own meaning, drawn from what they saw. No context was given to the incident, giving the impression that it was a common occurrence. ABCs anchorman Howard Smith even resigned in February 1968 claiming the media did not provide any context for the Loan shooting or the violence of the Tet Offensive as a whole (Culbert, 1998). Many scholars have dismissed the claim that television had such a large impact on the American public during the Vietnam War. Among them is John Mueller (1971), who argues that the media followed a shift in public opinion against the war, which had actually occurred in the two years prior to the Offensive. Mueller cites rising casualties as the reason for dwindling support for the war, suggesting a similar pattern could be seen in Korea, where television coverage was minimal. Thayer (1992) notes that one survey in 1968, the time at which critical coverage is meant to have had the greatest effect, found that less than half of the television households watched the news on a given evening. This provides a certain amount of perspective for the argument that television news played a role in shaping public opinion. Nevertheless, in focusing on the violence, the controversy and the human costs of the Tet Offensive, the media contributed to turning what was a military success for the USA into a defeat for public opinion and elite consensus. Objective influence, and the vicious cycle The most important argument against Hallins assertion that the media had little impact on the course of the war is the role the media plays in the forming of opinions at home. Again, Hallin is correct in saying that the media maintained an objective stance, and his study is very convincing on this subject. However, the public shape their opinions based on the information available to them, and, as demonstrated above, the media reported stories that were politically very damaging. As Melvin Small (1987) suggests, if the media does not cover it, then it might as well not have happened, as far as the impact on the President, his advisors, the general public, and even other nations is concerned, and during Vietnam the various arms of the press resolved to provide all information about the war, whether positive or negative. This is clearly an objective position, but by reporting the negative side of the war the media informed the public that there was in fact a negative side, influencing the debate. Hallin (1986) claims that it is unclear whether the effect of public opinion would have been any different had the media been subject to censorship, but this is a weak argument. If censorship were enforced, the public would have received most of their news about the war from the government, which as it is often repeated, was painting a rosy picture of Vietnam. David Culbert (1998) claims that in a time of uncertainty, compelling visual evidence has a power denied it in ordinary circumstances. While this is true of television broadcasts, it can be applied to the media as a whole in a time of limited war. As Phillip Knightley (2004) argues, Vietnam was a war like no other, a war with no front line, no easily identifiable enemy, no simply explained cause, no clearly designated villain on whom to focus the nations hateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and, therefore, no nationwide fervour of patriotism. Combine this with the credibility gap created by the military and the government the positivity about the war consistently presented at military briefings was at odds with what reporters in the field were seeing themselves, and this divergence became clear to the public and the media were granted an exceptional role in shaping public opinion on the war. It must also not be forgotten that multiple news sources can also influence elite opinion, and so indeed can the public, and this is the basis of the vicious cycle that played some role in ending the war. It is widely agreed that the Tet Offensive was the key period of coverage of the Vietnam War, as this was the start of the shift to more critical reporting by the media. This is important because negative coverage in mainstream news encourages opponents of government policy to speak out. Hallin (1986) agrees that the anti-war movement was given increasing airtime, but says they remained fringe voices. However, how these voices were presented is not significant Hallin proves they were not afforded any favourable treatment; it is the fact that they were aired at all that had the impact. Once mainstream media carries the question of the legitimacy of government action, the public and members of the Administration are free to consider it a credible response to the situation, and encouraged to question their own position. As William Hammond (1998) attests, the broadening of the debate affected the attitudes of network anchormen and reporters: Earlier in the war, Walter Cronkite had thought nothing of referring to the Viet Cong as the Communists. After Tet he did so rarely. Government officials beginning to discuss alternative actions publicly ensured this cycle continued. It is impossible to say which factor starts this process, which is why the theory of the media being the first in a domino effect is unconvincing. It can be said, however, that critical coverage encouraged opponents to speak out about the war, were given credibility by the media, influencing public opinion and forcing the Administration to carefully consider its actions with regard to public reaction. This was clearly evident in Vietnam. I concur with Hallin that it is impossible to be certain how news affected the audience, but we can be sure that the media had an impact on the course of the war in directly influencing military decisions. Hallin (1986) agrees that considerations of public opinion were partly responsible for the limitations placed on the use of military power. Many from political and military circles maintain that intensive bombing of North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia could have produced victory (Carruthers, 2000), but it was rejected because the media would have shown its human costs. Targets were limited because extensive civilian casualties were seen as politically damaging this was only the case because the media had access to the stories of civilian casualties, and would certainly report them. The media prevented the conducting of the war by what the military deemed as the most appropriate means. Conclusions Whatever the intention behind such relentless and literal reporting of war, the result was a serious demoralisation of the home front, was President Nixons assessment of the impact of the media in Vietnam (Robinson, 2010). Its impact is still widely debated due to the fact that it is extremely difficult to determine the exact effect of news coverage on the American public over its duration. It is clear that both public opinion and the breakdown of elite political consensus were decisive in the course of the war, and its end. What Hallins study and many that support it fail to recognise is that the news media play a crucial role in the shaping of these opinions. The potential impact of this role was increased in Vietnam due to the unusual circumstances of limited war, and the dramatic changes that were occurring in the US news media at the time. The willingness of high profile journalists and broadcasters to make critical statements about the war compounded this effect. The combination of these developments meant that the media had greater access to information both positive and negative about the war, but that the negative was more akin to the emerging style of television news. The media did not become an oppositional force, though some instances of critical reporting did directly question the legitimacy of Administration policy. In reporting, from an objective stance, negative views of the war, the media invited Americans to question the credibility of the war and their government, part of a vicious cycle that led to more negative feeling about the war.

Analysis of Superstitions :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Superstitions Mysterious happenings are all around us today. I personally have done extensive studies in the histories of many of these superstitions, from the common to the absurd. Science tends to claim that all superstitions are pointless, and, in some cases, I agree, such as the fear of black cats, but the fact of the matter is that some superstitions come from a rich pre-Christian background. Many superstitions have been doubted since the rise of science, but it has been said that "In spite of advances and science, people are still superstitious." First, today's superstition is yesterday's magick; second, many people still practice the old ways; and finally, even common people practice. Superstitions are a part of our everyday lives and always have been. First, today's superstitions are yesterday's magick. Magick is the term practitioners use to describe the direct but subtle influence over reality; magic is a term for stage tricks. Long before the age of science, magick was a common element in every religion, even Christianity. Even science in its beginning, was based on old magicks like numerology, begun by Pythagoras, and alchemy. Since then, we have several leftovers from the old ways, my favorite of which is knocking on wood. The ancient Celts (pronounced Kelts) began this practice as a way of thanking the wood fairies, who were seen as mostly responsible for good luck. Today, when speaking of one's good fortune, it is common to knock on wood, though most people do not know why. Despite science's attempts to turn the old ways into useless or forgotten superstitions, the remnants of them are still around. Second, many of us still practice magick, roughly 10,000 in America. Collectively, the religion is known as Wicca, though not all Wiccans practice magick, and not all of those who practice magic are Wiccan. Obviously, the scientific community would prefer to believe that we are either insane, delusional, or con-artists, but none of that is true. I have seen magick work and have done it myself. In fact, my favorite way to gain the trust of a new friend is by granting him or her one wish, as long as the wish is not too grand; as I said before, magic is subtle.

The Benefits of Integrating Computers into the Early Childhood Classroom :: Teaching Education

The Advantages of Integrating Computers into the Early Childhood Classroom Each year, new technologies hold the promise to alter the way we think and learn. Computers are prevalent everywhere, and they are making their way into school systems around the country (Roberts, Carter, Friel, and Miller, 1988). It is obvious that there is a demand for technological instruction in high school and college. However, the question of if computers should be implemented into early childhood classrooms is still prudent. With computers all around us, it is inevitable that children will be exposed to them, and they will eventually be facilitated into their daily lives. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the advantages, disadvantages, and methods of integrating computers into the early childhood classroom. How Computers Effect Young Children Early childhood experiences should maximize young children’s overall growth and development. Their eyes should be opened to the wonderment of learning and the pleasures of discovery. Computers can by an important tool to optimize young children’s potential, and help aid the learning process (Scoter 2001). Before deciding to introduce children to computers, it is important to address the potential benefits and dangers the machines have on youths. Potential Dangers Some people believe that computers should not have a place in early childhood classrooms. They speculate that computers will rob children of their childhood, replace other activities, reduce creativity, and lead to social isolation. It is feared that computers will force them to learn what they are not ready to learn. The machines are often viewed as one more thing to rush young children through their vital childhood years (Scoter, 2001). Whether computers will rob children of their childhood totally depends on how they are used. If children are forced to use computers for lengthy periods of time with drill software, computers could very well rob them of their childhood. On the other hand, if computers are used in appropriate ways that meet children’s development level, they can benefit young children, and teach them what they are ready to learn (NAEYC, 2001). It is also believed that computers will replace other childhood activities, such as building with blocks, painting pictures, or playing â€Å"house†. Exposure to computers may hinder children’s developing understanding of the real world. In reality, this does not occur. Whenever something new, whether it is a paint set or a computer, is first introduced into a classroom, all the children want to use it.

Foundation’s Edge AFTERWORD

(for now) AFTERWORD BY THE AUTHOR This book while self-contained, is a continuation of The Foundation Trilogy, which is made up of three books: Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Second Foundation. In addition, there are other books I have written which, while not dealing with the Foundations directly, are set in what we might call â€Å"the Foundation universe.† Thus, the events in The Stars, Like Dust and The Currents of Space take place in the years when Trantor was expanding toward Empire, while the events in Pebble in the Sky take place when the First Galactic Empire was at the height of its power. In Pebble, Earth is central and some of the material in it is alluded to tangentially in this new book. In none of the earlier books of the Foundation universe were robots mentioned. In this new book, however, there are references to robots. In this connection, you may wish to read my robot stories. The short stories are to be found in The Complete Robot, while the two novels, The Caves of Steel and The Naked Sun, describe the robotic period of the colonization of the Galaxy. If you wish an account of the Eternals and the way in which they adjusted human history, you will find it (not entirely consistent with the references in this new book) in The End of Eternity. All the books mentioned existed as Doubleday hardcovers, to begin with. The Foundation Trilogy and The Complete Robot are still in print in hardcover. Of the others, Pebble in the Sky and The End of Eternity are included in the omnibus volume The Far Ends of Time and Earth, while The Stars, Like Dust and The Currents of Space are in the omnibus volume Prisoners of the Stars. Both omnibus volumes are in print in hardcover. As for The Caves of Steel and The Naked Sun, they are included in the omnibus volume The Robot Novels, still available from the Science Fiction Book Club. And all are in print in softcover editions, of course.

Environmental Issues In Real Estate Essay

Real estate transactions involve the purchase of land properties and generally, environmental issues are frequently considered before a sale is completed. Environmental issues are usually taken into account, be it a residential real estate property, or a huge industrial piece of land. Should environmental risks be associated in a particular real estate property, these are frequently manageable, but the more critical issue regarding environmental issues is the efficient identification and reaction to these environmental issues (Goeters, 1996). Most problems arise after a real estate property sale because the environmental issues were not detected as early as possible. The most common environmental issue that is associated with real estate is land contamination. Such environmental issues generally come from the activities of the present or past owners, or better categorized as on-site contamination. Another source of land contamination could be off-site, which involves the physical location of the real property to outside sources of contamination. It is important that the source of the contamination of the land be identified so that the amount of risk may be determined. In addition, knowledge of the contamination source allows sanctions for property responsibility. Issues are considered severe when the water reservoir and its connecting waterways for drinking water are already affected or positioned near the real estate property. Another environmental issue that is considered as a major concern in real estate is mold contamination. The spread of pathogenic fungi and its spores frequently originate from buildings that are erected using low-quality standards and currently have poor ventilation. Such fungi often generate spores that are usually air-borne and may be transmitted through wind and any air circulating system. These spores may also stick to the walls of an existing building that is situated on the real estate property. Not only do fungal spores cause future deterioration to a building, these spores may even cause upper respiratory tract infections, allergies and immune reactions in the individuals that frequent the area involved. Several lawsuits have accumulated in connection to personal injuries or diseases causes by exposure to these pathogenic fungi. In addition, the insurance industry has lately been involved in cases that involve exposure to building-related real estate properties. Furthermore, fungal contamination involves all types of real estate properties, including residential, commercial and industrial buildings, and the effect of such contamination is doubly felt because the building’s structure itself will continuously deteriorate unless treated, and the residents of the home or the employees of a commercial or industrial company make succumb to fungi-caused illnesses. It has been strongly suggested that owners of real estate properties be cautious of the insurance coverage they procure for their employees should such untoward incident occurs in their company or industry. Asbestos is also an environmental issue that should be carefully considered in real estate. Asbestos is generally a component of pipes and boiler rooms, as well as in flooring materials and in roofs. Asbestos exposure cases are often higher in number in commercial and industrial companies, yet these cases may also occur in residential real estate properties. The amount of money require to solve any presence of asbestos in a building is usually huge, hence it should always be kept in mind that any possible cause for asbestos exposure be pointed out as early as possible, before any exposure is determined to be chronic, which is turn results in more severe health problems among individuals associated with the real estate property. Individuals practicing in the real estate business should be sincere enough to advise the client about any information that may be associated with asbestos presence or exposure within a real estate property he is showing and selling. Another element that has been identified as an environmental issue in real estate is radon. Radon gas shows no color or odor, and is very diffusible through water and air. This gas has been frequently reported in residential real estate properties, hence it is important that the water and air of a real estate property be tested for radon gas before any further step is taken towards the purchase or sale of a real estate property. Unfortunately, the safe or tolerable level of radon gas has not been established to date, hence any tests for the presence of radon gas in the water or in the air is just to satisfy the need to know where radon gas is indeed present in a real estate property. Real estate properties such as buildings and houses are often presented to potential buyers as painted structures that are ready for occupancy. Hence, the environmental concern for lead in the paint used to coat the walls of the rooms of the real estate property is also an issue. Individuals most affected by the presence of lead in the paint used to coat the walls are the young children who often play on the floor of the rooms of a residential establishment. Young toddlers often crawl around the house and unfortunately, ingest any little thing they find interesting in front of them. These little things may be lead paint chips that fall off from the wall and ceiling and land on the carpet, floor, or even the soil in the backyard. Other families enjoy gardening and planting their own vegetables, hence the presence of lead in the soil may pose a bioaccumulation of lead in the people living in this contaminated real estate property. It is therefore important that pre-erected real estate structures be evaluated for the presence of lead before any further step in done towards the purchase of the real estate property. Should lead be detected in a real estate property, an abatement procedure may be performed before any family or individuals move into the real estate property. Currently, there are several assays that may be employed in the identification and management of environmental issues associated with real estate properties (Spada, 1997). Hence, it is imperative that these environmental factors be tested before any purchase is done on a real estate property, because it these factors go undetected, the consequences on the personal health of the individuals that will live or frequently spend time within the real estate property will be affected. Such undisclosed environmental issues often end up in lawsuits, as well as tarnished reputations in the real estate business. Hence, for those in the real estate business, it is of prime importance that reliable and specific information be obtained about the real estate property they are advertising and selling. Such caution regarding the collection of information will serve as a good method is preserving the real estate business of a company. Certain real estate companies have established their own customized procedure in reviewing properties before they release these properties to the public and announce that this property is for sale. These customized procedures should be foolproof, robust and efficient in identifying environmental issues in a real estate property. Should this be kept in mind, there would probably be lesser cases of lawsuits and health illnesses in the future.